Publications by Anencephaly
FAS_16
Background Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) falls on the most severe end of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which are a group of conditions that can occur in a child whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Specifically, alcohol is a teratogen that causes developmental malformations in a fetus.[2] The effects of FASD can include p...
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Gastroschisis_16
Background Gastroschisis, like omphalocele, is a birth defect in the abdominal wall that causes a newborn’s intestines and sometimes other organs (e.g. stomach and liver) to protrude outside of the baby’s body, usually through a hole next to the belly button. This condition occurs when the muscles that make up the baby’s abdominal wall do ...
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Cleft Conditions_16
Background Cleft conditions, commonly referred to as orofacial clefts, includes all cleft lip and cleft palate birth defects [1]. Orofacial clefts occur when a baby’s lip and/or palate do not form properly during early pregnancy. Cleft lip occurs when the lip does not come together during development, separating the lip either on one side (unil...
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Encephalocele_16
Background Encephalocele is a neural tube defect (NTD) or brain disorder that causes part of the brain to protrude through a gap in the skull. The portion of the brain that protrudes through the gap in the skull is most often located on the back of the head (occipital region) and is typically covered by skin or a membrane. The gap in the skull is...
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Diaphragmatic Hernia 2007-2017
Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect where a hole in the diaphragm allows for the passage of organs in the abdomen, such as the intestines, stomach, and liver, upwards into an infant’s chest.[1] The diaphragm is the large muscle that separates the chest from abdomen and when an organ in the abdomen pushes through t...
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Omphalocele 2007-2017
Background Omphalocele, like gastroschisis, is a birth defect in the abdominal wall that causes an infant’s intestines and sometimes other organs (e.g. stomach and liver) to protrude outside of their body, usually through a hole next to the belly button. Unlike gastroschisis, the organs that are pushed outside the body are covered in a thin, t...
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Club Foot 2007-2017
Background Clubfoot, or talipes equinovarus, is a congenital condition that occurs when the foot is twisted inward and downward due to shortened leg tendons. Clubfoot typically occurs alone and can affect either one or both feet. Males are twice as likely as females to have clubfoot and are more likely to have bilateral clubfeet. [1] An individua...
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Trisomy 18 2007-2017
Background Edwards syndrome, or Trisomy 18, is a condition in which an infant is born with an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small packages of genetic material responsible for inherited traits. They determine how an infant’s body forms and grows during pregnancy and how it will function after birth. Typically, an infant has 23 pairs of chrom...
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Encephalocele 2007-2017
Background Encephalocele is a neural tube defect (NTD) or brain disorder that causes part of the brain to protrude through a gap in the skull. The portion of the brain that protrudes through the gap in the skull is most often located on the back of the head (occipital region) and is typically covered by skin or a membrane. The gap in the skull is...
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Spina bifida without anencephalus 2007-2017
Background Spina bifida without anencephalus (hereafter referred to only as spina bifida) is a neural tube defect or brain disorder that results in an incomplete formation of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges (protective covering around the brain and spinal cord). The most serious type results in a sac of fluid protruding through an opening in ...
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