Publications by sabir
R Strings
A string is a sequence of characters. For example, “Programming” is a string that includes characters: P, r, o, g, r, a, m, m, i, n, g. In R, we represent strings using quotation marks (double quotes, " " or single quotes, ' '). For example, # string value using single quotes 'Hello' # string value using double quotes "Hello" Here, both '...
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R Vectors
A vector is the basic data structure in R that stores data of similar types. For example, Suppose we need to record the age of 5 employees. Instead of creating 5 separate variables, we can simply create a vector. Elements of a Vector Create a Vector in R In R, we use the c() function to create a vector. For example, # create vector of string ty...
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R List
A List is a collection of similar or different types of data. In R, we use the list() function to create a list. For example, # list with similar type of data list1 <- list(24, 29, 32, 34) # list with different type of data list2 <- list("Ranjy", 38, TRUE) Here, list1 - list of integers list2 - list containing string, integer, and boolean valu...
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R Array
An Array is a data structure which can store data of the same type in more than two dimensions. The only difference between vectors, matrices, and arrays are Vectors are uni-dimensional arrays Matrices are two-dimensional arrays Arrays can have more than two dimensions Before we learn about arrays, make sure you know about R matrix and R vector...
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R Data Frame
A data frame is a two-dimensional data structure which can store data in tabular format. Data frames have rows and columns and each column can be a different vector. And different vectors can be of different data types. Before we learn about Data Frames, make sure you know about R vector. Create a Data Frame in R In R, we use the data.frame() fu...
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R Factors
A Factor is a data structure that is used to work with categorizable datas. Suppose a data field such as marital status may contain only values from single, married, separated, divorced, or widowed. In such a case, we know the possible values beforehand and these predefined, distinct values are called levels of a factor. Create a Factor in R In ...
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R min() and max()
In R, we can find the minimum or maximum value of a vector or data frame. We use the min() and max() function to find minimum and maximum value respectively. The min() function returns the minimum value of a vector or data frame. The max() function returns the maximum value of a vector or data frame. Syntax of min() and max() in R The syntax o...
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R Percentile
A percentile is a statistical measure that indicates the value below which a percentage of data falls. For example, the 70th percentile is the value below which 70% of the observations may be found. Calculate Percentile in R In R, we use the quantile() function to calculate the percentile. For example, marks <- c(97, 78, 57, 64, 87) # calculate...
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R Date
Depending on what purposes we're using R for, we may want to deal with data containing dates and times. R Provides us various functions to deal with dates and times. Get Current System Date, and Time in R In R, we use Sys.Date(), Sys.time() to get the current date and time respectively based on the local system. For example, # get current system...
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R Histogram
A histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. Histogram is used to summarize discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval scale. Create Histogram in R In R, we use the hist() function to create Histograms. For example, temperatures <- c(67 ,72 ,74 ,62 ,76 ,66 ,65 ,59 ,61 ,69 ) # histogram of tempera...
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