Publications by Dr. C.E. Stapleton
Cronbach's Alpha Calculation
Cronbach’s Alpha Tutorial This tutorial will cover calculating Cronbach’s Alpha for a unidimensional scale. We will use the 2020 American National Election Study, and its scale for “Racial Resentment”. This scale is frequently used in the study of racism and is designed to measure feelings of racial animosity in a more indirect way than...
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Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
## Warning: package 'haven' was built under R version 4.2.3 ## Warning: package 'skimr' was built under R version 4.2.3 ## Warning: package 'psych' was built under R version 4.2.3 ## corrplot 0.92 loaded ## Warning: package 'lavaan' was built under R version 4.2.3 ## This is lavaan 0.6-15 ## lavaan is FREE software! Please report any bugs. ## ##...
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Preparing Survey Data for Analysis
Cleaning and Recoding Data Prior to Analysis Anytime you import survey, or really any kind of, data into R, you should always ask yourself what you need to do to get it prepared for analysis. With survey data specifically, there are usually a few things that should always be checked and usually changed prior to conducting any type of analysis. ...
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Birthday Problem - Using Simulation in R
Working with Simulations and Probability This tutorial covers using simulations in R to illustrate statistical properties. We will be using simulations throughout this semester so it is important that you familiarize yourself with why we do this and how to do this in R. Birthday Problem In a room of 15 people, what is the probability that 2 peo...
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OLS on Ordinal Data
OLS Assumptions There are several assumptions underpinning linear regression that should be tested. In this tutorial, we are going to look at well behaved residuals through simulating a relationship between two normally distributed variables (note that OLS assumes a normally distributed DV not IV but here we use normal distributions for both). ...
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Visualization of Regression Results
Data & Results Visualizations We will be working with the Flextable, Stargazer and jtools packages in this tutorial. For more information about each one, see the following links: https://jtools.jacob-long.com/articles/summ.html https://www.jakeruss.com/cheatsheets/stargazer/ https://ardata-fr.github.io/flextable-book/index.html Descriptive Data...
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Logit and Probit Modeling
Analyzing Dichotomous Dependent Variables In this tutorial, we are going use the binomial distribution to simulate a dichotomous dependent variable, y, with a known relationship to an independent variable, x. We will then estimate the relationship using OLS, logistic and probit regressions and compare the results. Along the way, we will talk ab...
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Polynomials and Log Transformations with OLS
Introduction OLS regression makes several assumptions about the data used in the model including linearity between the Xs and Y along with normally distributed continuous variables. When either of these are violated, it can introduce bias and/or inefficiency into your results. In this tutorial, we will review how data transformations can help s...
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Multivariate OLS with Predicted Value Plots
library(haven) ## Warning: package 'haven' was built under R version 4.2.3 library(ggplot2) ## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.2.3 library(rstatix) ## Warning: package 'rstatix' was built under R version 4.2.3 ## ## Attaching package: 'rstatix' ## The following object is masked from 'package:stats': ## ## filter libr...
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Evaluating OLS Assumptions in R
Introduction Any time you conduct a statistical analysis, you make specific assumptions about the data. For OLS regression, there are several specific assumptions that should be evaluated. Overall, assumption violations in OLS cause two general types of issues: - Bias (Drawing errorenous conclusions about the relationship between some X and som...
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